This paper shows how PAM4 signaling changes SERDES testing at every level. Calibration of interference and jitter tolerance tests take on a new level of complexity with new test parameters SNDR, COM and ERL. Error analysis has to accommodate Gray coding, symbol interleaving, FEC (forward error … [Read more...]
Crosstalk Analysis of High Speed Serial Technology with Vector Network Analyzers
Since its introduction, high speed serial (HSS) technology’s use of differential signaling has mitigated the effects of crosstalk. At data rates below 10 Gb/s, HSS signal integrity was limited by jitter. As data rates exceeded 10 Gb/s inter-symbol interference (ISI) became the greatest challenge. … [Read more...]
New VNA Technologies Enable Millimeter-wave Broadband Testing to 220 GHz
Over the past few years there has been growing interest in developing solutions that harness millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies for terrestrial communication, high-frequency device characterization, automotive radar, and other technologies. As these applications climb from tens of gigahertz to … [Read more...]
PCIe® 5.0 SerDes Test and Analysis
Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) is the leading interconnect I/O technology for hard drives, solid state drives (SSDs), graphics cards, Wi-Fi and internal Ethernet connections. PCIe consists of a set of fast, scalable and reliable I/O standards for serial data transfer buses. The … [Read more...]
Generating Eye Diagrams in VectorStarTM VNAs Including PAM-4
In this application note, you will learn how the VectorStarTM VNA provides the ability to display all key parameters such as eye diagram, time domain (TDR), and S-parameters on the same channel while continuously sweeping. … [Read more...]
NB-IoT: Characteristics and Considerations for Design and Verification
NB-IoT is one of many wireless technologies being utilized in IoT devices for a variety of applications. Standardized and utilizing an existing network infrastructure, it checks all the boxes in terms of low power, long battery life, and cost efficiency. Have confidence in Anritsu NB-IoT devices and … [Read more...]
Best Practical Jitter Tolerance Testing with Signal Quality Analyzer MP1900A
Accurate evaluation of device characteristics requires testing by injecting multiple types of jitter on the device under test (DUT). This paper explains types of jitter, guidance on measurements for complex jitter tests and examples of jitter tolerance measurements using Anritsu’s Signal Quality … [Read more...]
Superposition vs. True-Balanced: What’s Required for Your Signal Integrity Application
Signal integrity applications commonly utilize balanced/differential transmission lines that are typically characterized using vector network analyzers (VNAs). This white paper offers guidance to signal integrity designers on the differences between the superposition and true-balanced approaches and … [Read more...]
RF and Microwave Material Measurement Techniques and Applications
Continual demand to accurately measure dielectric and magnetic properties of material is a common need and apparent in our everyday lives. There is a need to quantitatively characterize material properties at RF and microwave frequencies. Learn more about the use of vector network analyzers (VNAs) … [Read more...]
High-Speed PAM Signal Generation and BER Measurements
By implementing Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) transmission technology, next-generation 200 and 400-Gbits/s transmission methods defined by IEEE802.3bs and IEEE802.3cd increase transmission capacity compared to the conventional NRZ method without increasing the symbol rate. In PAM4 signaling, … [Read more...]