White Papers, Catalogs, Case Studies and Resources for Engineers and Professionals
This paper shows how PAM4 signaling changes SERDES testing at every level. Calibration of interference and jitter tolerance tests take on a new level of complexity with new test parameters SNDR, COM and ERL. Error analysis has to accommodate Gray coding, symbol interleaving, FEC (forward error correction), and both symbol and bit error rates.
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Since its introduction, high speed serial (HSS) technology’s use of differential signaling has mitigated the effects of crosstalk. At data rates below 10 Gb/s, HSS signal integrity was limited by jitter. As data rates exceeded 10 Gb/s inter-symbol interference (ISI) became the greatest challenge. But now, with 32 Gb/s and 56 Gb/s rates commonplace and 112 Gb/s in development, crosstalk has joined ISI as a serious problem.
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Over the past few years there has been growing interest in developing solutions that harness millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies for terrestrial communication, high-frequency device characterization, automotive radar, and other technologies. As these applications climb from tens of gigahertz to over 100 gigahertz, the challenge of testing and characterizing the devices that enable new solutions is becoming increasingly complex. As broadband testing over hundreds of gigahertz of bandwidth is subject to repeatability and accuracy deficits, researchers and engineers are demanding better broadband solutions that help to overcome these challenges and simplify mmWave testing.
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Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) is the leading interconnect I/O technology for hard drives, solid state drives (SSDs), graphics cards, Wi-Fi and internal Ethernet connections. PCIe consists of a set of fast, scalable and reliable I/O standards for serial data transfer buses. The physical layer (PHY) of PCIe also supports Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Express (SATAe) and non-volatile memory express (NVMe).
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In this application note, you will learn how the VectorStarTM VNA provides the ability to display all key parameters such as eye diagram, time domain (TDR), and S-parameters on the same channel while continuously sweeping.
NB-IoT is one of many wireless technologies being utilized in IoT devices for a variety of applications. Standardized and utilizing an existing network infrastructure, it checks all the boxes in terms of low power, long battery life, and cost efficiency. Have confidence in Anritsu NB-IoT devices and systems that operate according to specs, cost efficient and easy to operate.
Accurate evaluation of device characteristics requires testing by injecting multiple types of jitter on the device under test (DUT). This paper explains types of jitter, guidance on measurements for complex jitter tests and examples of jitter tolerance measurements using Anritsu’s Signal Quality Analyzer-R MP1900A, a high-performance BERT with 8 slots for modules such as a 32 Gbps multi-channel PPG/ED, 32G/64G PAM4 PPG, 32G PAM4 ED and Jitter/Noise Generator.
Signal integrity applications commonly utilize balanced/differential transmission lines that are typically characterized using vector network analyzers (VNAs). This white paper offers guidance to signal integrity designers on the differences between the superposition and true-balanced approaches and which one may best fit their need.
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Continual demand to accurately measure dielectric and magnetic properties of material is a common need and apparent in our everyday lives. There is a need to quantitatively characterize material properties at RF and microwave frequencies. Learn more about the use of vector network analyzers (VNAs) as flexible and versatile tools to accurately and quantitatively characterize material properties and showcase the broad applicability of the VNA as a tool to do this accurately at high frequencies. Learn techniques and applications of RF and microwave material measurements.
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By implementing Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) transmission technology, next-generation 200 and 400-Gbits/s transmission methods defined by IEEE802.3bs and IEEE802.3cd increase transmission capacity compared to the conventional NRZ method without increasing the symbol rate. In PAM4 signaling, instead of transferring 1 bit at one of two levels of 0 or 1 in one time slot as in NRZ signaling, 2 bits of data are transferred at four levels in one time slot. Learn how to generate 32 and 64 Gbaud PAM signals for evaluation as well as BER measurement methods and measuring instrument requirements.